PARENTAL SUPPORT, PARENTAL CONTROL, STRESS AND EARLY ALCOHOL USE IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW WITH A FOCUS ON KAZAKHSTAN

Abstract

Girls and women are about twice as likely as boys and men to have depression, and the gap is widest at ages 13 to 15. At the same time, in the United States the difference between girls and boys in alcohol use has narrowed. This review asks how two sides of parenting, support and control, are linked to stress, depressed mood and early alcohol use in adolescent girls, and what is known about this in Kazakhstan. Twenty sources were selected from OpenAlex, Europe PMC and CyberLeninka, among them six systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Parental warmth and support were consistently linked to fewer depressive symptoms and to later and lower drinking. Control worked in two opposite directions. Behavioural control and monitoring, when parents know where and with whom their child is, were protective, while psychological control, which constrains and manipulates a child's feelings and thoughts, was linked to more depression and anxiety. One longitudinal study found that family conflict predicted depressed mood more strongly in girls than in boys, and that depressed mood then predicted heavy drinking. Girls in one study were monitored more than boys but did not drink less, which suggests that monitoring alone may not be enough. Studies in adults add a biological side: women have lower gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity than men, so the same dose of alcohol produces higher blood alcohol levels. In Kazakhstan, a national survey of 9,111 students aged 13 to 18 found that 34.2% had ever drunk alcohol, with no significant difference between boys and girls, and that depressed mood scores were on average twice as high as in European adolescents. No study was found that tests these family pathways for girls in Kazakhstan, and no data were found on alcohol dehydrogenase in Kazakhstani adolescents; these are the main gaps identified by this review.

Keywords: adolescent girls, parental support, parental control, depression, alcohol use, alcohol dehydrogenase, Kazakhstan

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Дәйексөз келтіру үлгісі

Ailan Salybekova PARENTAL SUPPORT, PARENTAL CONTROL, STRESS AND EARLY ALCOHOL USE IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW WITH A FOCUS ON KAZAKHSTAN // Central Asian Scientific Journal. – 2026. – No. 4(32), Vol. 1. – Pp. 322–329.